2,315 research outputs found
Accurate construction of transition metal pseudopotentials
We generate a series of pseudopotentials to examine the relationship between
pseudoatomic properties and solid-state results. We find that lattice constants
and bulk moduli are quite sensitive to eigenvalue, total-energy difference and
tail norm errors, and clear correlations emerge. These trends motivate our
identification of two criteria for accurate transition metal pseudopotentials.
We find that both the preservation of all-electron derivative of tail norm with
respect to occupation and the preservation of all-electron derivative of
eigenvalue with respect to occupation {[Phys. Rev. B {\bf 48}, 5031 (1993)]}
are necessary to give accurate bulk metal lattice constants and bulk moduli. We
also show how the fairly wide range of lattice constant and bulk modulus
results found in the literature can be easily explained by pseudopotential
effects.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev
Polarized Gamma-ray Emission from the Galactic Black Hole Cygnus X-1
Because of their inherently high flux allowing the detection of clear
signals, black hole X-ray binaries are interesting candidates for polarization
studies, even if no polarization signals have been observed from them before.
Such measurements would provide further detailed insight into these sources'
emission mechanisms. We measured the polarization of the gamma-ray emission
from the black hole binary system Cygnus X-1 with the INTEGRAL/IBIS telescope.
Spectral modeling of the data reveals two emission mechanisms: The 250-400 keV
data are consistent with emission dominated by Compton scattering on thermal
electrons and are weakly polarized. The second spectral component seen in the
400keV-2MeV band is by contrast strongly polarized, revealing that the MeV
emission is probably related to the jet first detected in the radio band.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Science in April 22nd 2011,
available on Science Express Web site (March 24th edition
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Differential detection of impact site versus rotational site injury by magnetic resonance imaging and microglial morphology in an unrestrained mild closed head injury model.
Seventy-five percent of all traumatic brain injuries are mild and do not cause readily visible abnormalities on routine medical imaging making it difficult to predict which individuals will develop unwanted clinical sequelae. Microglia are brain-resident macrophages and early responders to brain insults. Their activation is associated with changes in morphology or expression of phenotypic markers including P2Y12 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Using a murine model of unrestrained mild closed head injury (mCHI), we used microglia as reporters of acute brain injury at sites of impact versus sites experiencing rotational stress 24 h post-mCHI. Consistent with mild injury, a modest 20% reduction in P2Y12 expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis but only in the impacted region of the cortex. Furthermore, neither an influx of blood-derived immune cells nor changes in microglial expression of CD45, TREM1, TREM2, major histocompatibility complex class II or CD40 were detected. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), small reductions in T2 weighted values were observed but only near the area of impact and without overt tissue damage (blood deposition, edema). Microglial morphology was quantified without cryosectioning artifacts using ScaleA(2) clarified brains from CX3CR1-green fluorescence protein (GFP) mice. The cortex rostral to the mCHI impact site receives greater rotational stress but neither MRI nor molecular markers of microglial activation showed significant changes from shams in this region. However, microglia in this rostral region did display signs of morphologic activation equivalent to that observed in severe CHI. Thus, mCHI-triggered rotational stress is sufficient to cause injuries undetectable by routine MRI that could result in altered microglial surveillance of brain homeostasis. Acute changes in microglial morphology reveal brain responses to unrestrained mild traumatic brain injury In areas subjected to rotational stress distant from impact site In the absence of detectable changes in standard molecular indicators of brain damage, inflammation or microglial activation. That might result in decreased surveillance of brain function and increased susceptibility to subsequent brain insults
Taxing International Portfolio Income
Most analyses of the taxation of international income earned by U.S. corporations or individuals have addressed income from direct investments abroad. With the exception of routine bows to the international tax compromise and sporadic discussions of the practical difficulties residence countries face in collecting taxes on international portfolio income, the taxation of international portfolio income generally has been ignored in the tax literature.
Analysis and reassessment of U.S. tax policy regarding international portfolio income is long overdue. The amount of international portfolio investment and its role in the world economy has grown exponentially in recent years. In most years since 1990, the total market value of U.S. persons\u27 foreign portfolio investments has exceeded the value of U.S. corporations\u27 foreign direct investments, and the total amount of U.S. taxpayers\u27 foreign portfolio income has exceeded their income from foreign direct investments. Cross-border portfolio investments are no longer a tiny tail on a large direct-investment dog. International portfolio investments now playa major role in the world economy, a role quite different from that played by foreign direct investments. We can no longer afford simply to assume, as we have in the past, that the way the United States taxes the latter is obviously appropriate to the former. Instead we must ask explicitly what tax policy for income from portfolio investments best serves our nation\u27s interest. That is the task we undertake here
Spectral state dependence of the 0.4-2 MeV polarized emission in Cygnus X-1 seen with INTEGRAL/IBIS, and links with the AMI radio data
Polarization of the >~400 keV hard tail of the microquasar Cygnus X-1 has
been independently reported by INTEGRAL/IBIS, and INTEGRAL/SPI and interpreted
as emission from a compact jet. These conclusions were, however, based on the
accumulation of all INTEGRAL data regardless of the spectral state. We utilize
additional INTEGRAL exposure accumulated until December 2012, and include the
AMI/Ryle (15 GHz) radio data in our study. We separate the observations into
hard, soft, and intermediate/transitional states and detect radio emission from
a compact jet in hard and intermediate states, but not in the soft. The 10-400
keV INTEGRAL (JEM-X and IBIS) state resolved spectra are well modeled with
thermal Comptonization and reflection components. We detect a hard tail in the
0.4-2 MeV range for the hard state only. We extract the state dependent
polarigrams of Cyg X-1, which all are compatible to no or undetectable level of
polarization except in 400-2000 keV range in the hard state where the
polarization fraction is 7532 % and the polarization angle 40.0 +-14 deg.
An upper limit on the 0.4-2 MeV soft state polarization fraction is 70%. Due to
the short exposure, we obtain no meaningful constraint for the intermediate
state. The likely detection of a >400 keV polarized tail in the hard state,
together with the simultaneous presence of a radio jet, reinforce the notion of
a compact jet origin of the 400 keV emission.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Degradation and reuse of radiative thermal protection system materials for the space shuttle
Three silicide coated columbium alloys and two cobalt alloys were subjected to identical simulated reentry profiling exposures in both static (controlled vacuum leak) and dynamic (hypersonic plasma shear) environments. Primary emphasis in the columbium alloy evaluation was on the Cb752 and C129Y alloys with a lesser amount on FS85. Commercial silicide coatings of the R512E and VH109 formulations were used. The coated specimens were intentionally defected to provide the types of coating flaws that are expected in service. Temperatures were profiled up to peak temperatures of either 2350 F or 2500 F for 15 minutes in each cycle
Optical-to-optical interface device
An investigation was conducted to develop an optical-to-optical interface device capable of performing real-time incoherent-to-incoherent optical image conversion. The photoactivated liquid crystal light valve developed earlier represented a prototype liquid crystal light valve device capable of performing these functions. A device was developed which had high performance and extended lifetime
Variability in high-mass X-ray binaries
Strongly magnetized, accreting neutron stars show periodic and aperiodic
variability over a wide range of time scales. By obtaining spectral and timing
information on these different time scales, we can have a closer look into the
physics of accretion close to the neutron star and the properties of the
accreted material. One of the most prominent time scales is the strong
pulsation, i.e., the rotation period of the neutron star itself. Over one
rotation, our view of the accretion column and the X-ray producing region
changes significantly. This allows us to sample different physical conditions
within the column but at the same time requires that we have
viewing-angle-resolved models to properly describe them. In wind-fed high-mass
X-ray binaries, the main source of aperiodic variability is the clumpy stellar
wind, which leads to changes in the accretion rate (i.e., luminosity) as well
as absorption column. This variability allows us to study the behavior of the
accretion column as a function of luminosity, as well as to investigate the
structure and physical properties of the wind, which we can compare to winds in
isolated stars.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomische
Nachrichten (proceedings of the XMM-Newton Workshop 2019
Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of V404 Cygni during its 2015 June outburst decay strengthen the case for an extremely energetic jet-base
We present results of multiband optical photometry of the black hole X-ray
binary system V404 Cygni obtained using Wheaton College Observatory's 0.3m
telescope, along with strictly simultaneous INTEGRAL and Swift observations
during 2015 June 25.15--26.33 UT, and 2015 June 27.10--27.34 UT. These
observations were made during the 2015 June outburst of the source when it was
going through an epoch of violent activity in all wavelengths ranging from
radio to -rays. The multiwavelength variability timescale favors a
compact emission region, most likely originating in a jet outflow, for both
observing epochs presented in this work. The simultaneous INTEGRAL/Imager on
Board the Integral Satellite (IBIS) 20--40 keV light curve obtained during the
June 27 observing run correlates very strongly with the optical light curve,
with no detectable delay between the optical bands as well as between the
optical and hard X-rays. The average slope of the dereddened spectral energy
distribution was roughly flat between the - and -bands during the June
27 run, even though the optical and X-ray flux varied by 25 during
the run, ruling out an irradiation origin for the optical and suggesting that
the optically thick to optically thin jet synchrotron break during the
observations was at a frequency larger than that of -band, which is quite
extreme for X-ray binaries. These observations suggest that the optical
emission originated very close to the base of the jet. A strong H
emission line, probably originating in a quasi-spherical nebula around the
source, also contributes significantly in the -band. Our data, in
conjunction with contemporaneous data at other wavelengths presented by other
groups, strongly suggest that the jet-base was extremely compact and energetic
during this phase of the outburst.Comment: 15 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
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